The values show that coefficients of the main effects are highly significant , compared to the interaction effect. All first-order coefficients of the model for the response decolorization showed positive effects, whereas the quadratic and interaction coefficients had a negative effect.
Coefficients of determination R 2 and adjusted of the model were 0. Figure 7 shows the contour plot that represents the interaction of the independent variables dye concentration and amount of adsorbent. It illustrates that the decolorization has a tendency to decrease, when increasing the concentration of tartrazine and decreasing the amount of HDTMA-Bent.
To confirm the results obtained with the mathematical model presented in equation 6 of the experimental design, additional adsorption tests were carried out. The points were taken within the design range and classified as low, medium, and high with respect to the response decolorization.
From the results presented in Table 4 , it is observed that, for the three points evaluated, the maximum difference between the experimental value and the one calculated with equation 6 was 4. Therefore, the model obtained can be used to predict the response of the system with minimal variations.
A numerical optimization was performed for the factors and the response of the experimental design. The criteria selected in the software to perform the optimization were to minimize the amount of the adsorbent and maximize the decolorization. A higher degree of importance was assigned to the response because it is the main objective of the process. The function of desirability varies between zero, which is outside the limit, and one, which is the goal, and indicates how close the lower and upper limits of the factors were established in relation with the actual optimum value [ 70 ].
The data obtained from the adsorption isotherm were fitted to the nonlinear form of Langmuir and Freundlich models using equations 3 and 4 , respectively Figure 9. Parameters of the fit were determined and are presented in Table 5. The and n values calculated from the Freundlich isotherm were The high value of n confirms the heterogeneous adsorption system as predicted by the Freundlich adsorption model and the efficiency of HDTMA-Bent as a material adsorbent toward tartrazine removal.
The maximum adsorption capacity of tartrazine obtained in this study was compared with that of other adsorbents in the literature, as shown in Table 6. The HDTMA-Bent showed a value of adsorption capacity similar to that of a bentonite modified with octadecyltrimethylammonium and superior to that of other low-cost adsorbents such as sawdust and chitin. The average decolorization of tartrazine and sunset yellow was Considering that sunset yellow is an azodye C 16 H 10 N 2 Na 2 O 7 S 2 , anionic, with characteristics similar to tartrazine, it is concluded that the Bent-HDTMA adsorbent was efficient in the removal of both dyes, although it was not selective.
In this study, a Colombian bentonite was modified with HDTMA-Br and used to remove tartrazine from an aqueous solution, obtaining high levels of decolorization, with the advantage of using a natural, abundant, and low-cost material. It was established that the main variables that affect the adsorption of tartrazine were the amount of adsorption and the addition of NaCl to the dye solution.
All the data are available. Otavo-Loaiza et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Article of the Year Award: Outstanding research contributions of , as selected by our Chief Editors.
Read the winning articles. Journal overview. Special Issues. Otavo-Loaiza , 1 Nancy R. Academic Editor: Rizwan Hasan Khan. Received 06 May Revised 16 Jul Accepted 22 Jul Published 08 Sep Abstract The effect of pH, ionic strength NaCl added , agitation speed, adsorbent mass, and contact time on the removal of tartrazine from an aqueous solution, using an organobentonite, has been studied.
Introduction Organic pollutants commonly found in the aquatic environment are dyes, biocides compounds, phenols, surfactants, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals, among others [ 1 , 2 ]. Experimental 2. Synthesis and Characterization of the Organobentonite The total amount of the cationic surfactant used in the modification of the bentonite was 1. Table 1. The methodological design to evaluate the adsorption of tartrazine independently analyzed the effect of each factor.
Figure 1. Figure 2. FT-IR spectra of sodium bentonite and the organobentonite before and after adsorption of tartrazine. Figure 3. Figure 4. Effect of pH and the stirring rate on the adsorption of tartrazine on organobentonite. Figure 5. Figure 6. Effect of time contact on the adsorption of tartrazine on organobentonite.
Table 2. Factorial design for the independent variables used in this study along with the observed response. Table 3. Figure 7. Contour plot for decolorization of tartrazine vs dye concentration and amount of adsorbent. Table 4. Figure 8. Desirability ramp for numerical optimization of decolorization. Figure 9. Table 5. Equilibrium isotherm parameters for the adsorption of tartrazine onto organobentonite. Table 6. Comparison of the adsorption capacity of organobentonite with various adsorbents.
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Luo, M. Gao, Y. Ye, and S. Mullassery, N. Fernandez, and T. Brito, E. Fonseca, and M. Sahnoun, M. Boutahala, C. Tiar, and A. Create Alert Alert. Share This Paper. Background Citations. Methods Citations. Results Citations. Citation Type. Has PDF. Publication Type. More Filters. Enhanced dynamics characterization of photocatalytic decolorization of hazardous dye Tartrazine using titanium dioxide.
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