The threat of conscription, fire, disease, and many other circumstances forced many out of their homes. However, in many cases, leaving home was a risky and expensive endeavor and not everyone had the luxury to do so. As soon as people decided to leave their homes, they were confronted with numerous other challenges that would affect their decisions. How would they get away? Where would they go? What would they take with them? Because of these questions and more, the majority of those who left homes over the course of the Civil War were upper-class families with the network and the means to travel.
Especially towards the latter part of the war, as the Federals progressed into the Confederacy, shortages of transportation, food, made the option of fleeing less and less available to the general population. One Tennessee refugee, Mrs. Three miles from town we began to overtake the fugitives. Hundreds of women and children were walking along, some bareheaded and in all costumes.
Little girls of twelve and fourteen were wandering on alone. I called to one I knew and asked her where her mother was; she didn't know; she would walk on until she found out Women searching for their babies along the road, where they had been lost; others sitting in the dust crying and wringing their hands. With the reduced availability of transportation, the cost of using the trains or finding a cart became increasingly high.
Fear, uncertainty, and deprivation was a common feeling for Civil War refugees. Forced to abandon their homes as occupying forces approached, civilians fled with limited household goods and only modest amounts of clothing and personal items.
I seemed all of a sudden to realize the desolateness of my position, alone in the world with two children, driven from pillar to post, my husband off in the army, I knew not where - surely it was a pitiable situation. I became filled with self-pity and cried as if my heart would break.
When they returned, they were greeted with destroyed crops, ransacked homes, and beleaguered communities. Called a "nation of nomads," , to , Confederate sympathizers were on the move during the war, the largest wartime flight in U.
Civil War Article. Library of Congress. The ruins of Judith Henry's house on the Manassas battlefield, taken some time after the first battle there. An illustration depicting the Richmond Bread Riots in April Wikimedia Commons The most pressing problem for many civilians in the Confederacy was the threat of starvation. The point is that he had, for much of the Civil War at least, only Project MUSE promotes the creation and dissemination of essential humanities and social science resources through collaboration with libraries, publishers, and scholars worldwide.
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Additional Information. While the IHL helped curb total war by making the deliberate targeting of civilians illegal, it did not end the use of certain strategies, such as mandatory military service in Israel, South Korea, Armenia and many others , or the destruction of civilian homes, such as in the Syrian Civil War , or the deliberate targeting of civilians in the war in Yemen. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content.
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Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Share Flipboard Email. Government U. Foreign Policy U. Liberal Politics U. Brionne Frazier. Politics Expert. Brionne Frazier is a history and politics writer specializing in international security and society.
She has covered topics including nuclear policy, organized crime, and climate policy. Updated October 26, Key Takeaways Total war is a war fought without limitations on targets or weapons.
Ideological or religious conflicts are more likely to give rise to total war. Total wars have occurred throughout history and include the third Punic War, the Mongol Invasions, the Crusades and the two World Wars.
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